N\u0103m 1899, b\u00e1c s\u0129 t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Albert von Schrenck-Notzing tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh nam tr\u1edf n\u00ean bi\u1ebft y\u00eau \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0.<\/p>\n

“T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ea5t 45 bu\u1ed5i th\u00f4i mi\u00ean v\u00e0 v\u00e0i chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i t\u1edbi nh\u00e0 th\u1ed5”, b\u00e1c s\u0129 Albert von Schrenck-Notzing h\u00f9ng h\u1ed3n n\u00f3i.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1ch l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 cho m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ng\u1ee5y khoa h\u1ecdc, t\u00ean g\u1ecdi “li\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i”, \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n h\u00e0nh vi quan h\u1ec7 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1edbi, \u00e9p nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng LGBT (\u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh, song t\u00ednh, chuy\u1ec3n gi\u1edbi) v\u00e0o khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y b\u1ecb c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf y t\u1ebf ng\u00e0y nay b\u00e1c b\u1ecf, song n\u00f3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i su\u1ed1t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 x\u1ea5u h\u1ed5, \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c o\u00e1n h\u1eadn b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n cho nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

Trong h\u00e0ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh nam, b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed9i \u00e1c. Cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, c\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 t\u00e2m l\u00fd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. H\u1ecd coi ham mu\u1ed1n gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 y t\u1ebf, t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n khi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Eugen Steranty, chuy\u00ean gia n\u1ed9i ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a tinh ho\u00e0n m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng. Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ea5y gh\u00e9p tinh ho\u00e0n n\u0103m 1920, trong \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5y gh\u00e9p thay th\u1ebf “tinh ho\u00e0n d\u1ecb t\u00ednh”.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9ng r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n t\u00e2m l\u00fd. Theo Sigmund Freud, cha \u0111\u1ebb ng\u00e0nh t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea9m sinh \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00ednh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. D\u00f9 \u00f4ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f9ng ng\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y. H\u1ecd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p can thi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 “ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh”.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

B\u00e1c s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Eugen Steinach t\u1eebng coi \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb tinh ho\u00e0n c\u1ee7a nam gi\u1edbi. \u1ea2nh:<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng LGBT \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c s\u1ed1c \u0111i\u1ec7n, s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed tr\u1ea3i qua th\u1ee7 thu\u1eadt nguy hi\u1ec3m h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt c\u1ed9t s\u1ed1ng. Robert Galbraith Heath, m\u1ed9t b\u00e1c s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi New Orleans, \u0111i ti\u00ean phong trong vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5y v\u00e0o n\u00e3o, thu\u00ea g\u00e1i m\u1ea1i d\u00e2m hay s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u1ed9i dung khi\u00eau d\u00e2m d\u1ecb t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p sau n\u00e0y nh\u1eadn nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 “li\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p \u00e1c c\u1ea3m”. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng LGBT tr\u1edf n\u00ean ch\u00e1n gh\u00e9t xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ham mu\u1ed1n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

D\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t y t\u1ebf, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i u\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y n\u00f4n m\u1eeda khi xem \u1ea3nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau. S\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c b\u1ecb gi\u1eadt \u0111i\u1ec7n, c\u1ea3 v\u00e0o b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn sinh d\u1ee5c, khi \u0111ang xem phim khi\u00eau d\u00e2m \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh nam ho\u1eb7c m\u1eb7c trang ph\u1ee5c n\u1eef gi\u1edbi. Nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc y khoa Elise Chenier l\u01b0u \u00fd: “D\u00f9 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 li\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p \u00e1c c\u1ea3m kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ch\u1eefa kh\u1ecfi b\u1ec7nh cao t\u1edbi 50%, tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 n\u00e0y ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi v\u00e0o y v\u0103n”.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00f3m LGBT t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m t\u00e0n nh\u1eabn v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y. Song khi \u1ea5y, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m “b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh” \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u01a1 s\u1edf y t\u1ebf ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed, Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i T\u00e2m th\u1ea7n M\u1ef9 (APA) t\u1eebng coi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n t\u00e2m l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960-1970, khi phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u00f2i quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh n\u1edf r\u1ed9, gi\u1edbi chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn kh\u00e1c. N\u0103m 1973, APA lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i ra kh\u1ecfi c\u1ea9m nang c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n. Nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e1c s\u0129, chuy\u00ean gia c\u0169ng r\u1eddi xa k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u00e0 h\u1ecd t\u1eebng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

B\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m li\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh n\u0103m 1950. \u1ea2nh:<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u1ea5u ch\u1ea5m h\u1ebft cho n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c b\u00e0i x\u00edch LGBT. Khi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u0103ng l\u00ean, c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia t\u1ef1 phong v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m h\u1ed9i t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb. H\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, t\u1eeb tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1eeb t\u00e0.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1i h\u00e8 v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng LGBT b\u1ecb c\u00f4 l\u1eadp kh\u1ecfi gia \u0111\u00ecnh, b\u1ecb th\u00f4i mi\u00ean, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ham mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1edbi gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng. H\u1ecd th\u1eadm ch\u00ed b\u1ecb ch\u1ebf nh\u1ea1o, gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng n\u1ebfm tr\u1ea3i li\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn, x\u1ea5u h\u1ed5. Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, h\u1ecd b\u1ecb l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 s\u00e1t sau qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

C\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 sau, l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u1eef d\u1ed9i h\u01a1n. T\u1ea1i M\u1ef9, 13 bang \u0111\u00e3 thi h\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt c\u1ea5m th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh vi n\u00e0y. Nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi ki\u1ec7n c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb v\u00ec t\u1ed9i l\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea3o. N\u0103m 2013, Exodus International, nh\u00f3m b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 cho nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda sau g\u1ea7n 40 n\u0103m ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi 698.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 t\u1eebng tham gia \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb h\u1ed3i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 70, h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu. H\u1ecd cho bi\u1ebft c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng, c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ef1 t\u1eed v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec1u sang ch\u1ea5n t\u00e2m l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

\nTh\u1ee5c Linh
\n<\/strong>
\n(Theo<\/p>\n

)<\/p>\n

\n
<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
N\u0103m 1899, b\u00e1c s\u0129 t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Albert von Schrenck-Notzing tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh nam tr\u1edf n\u00ean bi\u1ebft y\u00eau \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0. “T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ea5t 45 bu\u1ed5i th\u00f4i mi\u00ean v\u00e0 v\u00e0i chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i t\u1edbi nh\u00e0 th\u1ed5”, b\u00e1c s\u0129 Albert von Schrenck-Notzing h\u00f9ng h\u1ed3n n\u00f3i. C\u00e1ch l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t ti\u1ec1n … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":442,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/nghethuatlamtinh.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/441"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/nghethuatlamtinh.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/nghethuatlamtinh.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nghethuatlamtinh.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nghethuatlamtinh.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=441"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/nghethuatlamtinh.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/441\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2173,"href":"https:\/\/nghethuatlamtinh.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/441\/revisions\/2173"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nghethuatlamtinh.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/442"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/nghethuatlamtinh.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=441"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nghethuatlamtinh.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=441"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nghethuatlamtinh.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=441"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}